Power to the People

by Russ Roberts on January 4, 2006

in Politics

Harold Meyerson (rr) creates a new theory of democracy:

In retrospect the year’s biggest mystery is how George W. Bush thought he could privatize Social Security. Essentially Bush assumed the role of the national CEO who tells his workers he’s dumping their defined-benefit pensions for some ill-defined 401(k) investment schemes. And essentially the American people responded with the same anger and anxiety that airline and auto employees have shown when their bosses reneged on their commitments of a secure retirement. The difference, of course, is that the American people have a lot more power as voters than they do as workers.

The American people have a lot more power as voters than they do as workers?  What does that mean exactly?  I assume he means that voters get to vote but workers don’t.  He seems to ignore the difference in the other direction, that voters are usually stuck making a choice between two candidates who differ only in degree and whose decisions we are stuck with until the next election cycle.  As a worker I can quit and join another firm.  Numerous firms compete for my services.  This explains why the federal minimum wage is irrelevant to 98% of the work force.  Most of us make more than the minimum because we are empowered by competition between firms for our services.

Private social security failed because the average voter is remarkably unaware of what is coming down the road—either drastically lower benefits or drastically higher taxes.  When this choice becomes clearer, even collusive Republicans and Democrats will find it in their self-interest to substitute private savings for government promises.

Meyerson then offers his assessment of capitalism:

In today’s America, where business has largely abandoned the guarantees of security it used to provide its employees, a similar abdication by government was clearly not what the public sought.

For the pervasive insecurity that is inextricably part of today’s capitalism has become the dominant fact of modern life.

I don’t think business ever guaranteed security the way Meyerson suggests.  If it did, it was a bad idea and even Japan has abandoned this model after years of stagnation.  But my real disagreement is with his claim that pervasive insecurity is the dominant fact of modern life.

Pervasive insecurity?  How does one begin to evaluate the truthfulness of this claim?  A survey might help.  I know there are surveys that ask people whether they are afraid to lose their job.  And presumably people who read Harold Meyerson’s columns are more worried than others.  The media seems to delight in writing about the cruelty of capitalism and no doubt this adds to people’s feelings of insecurity.  But even if survey results find that people are very worried, is it true?  Should people be worried about losing their job?

One measure of insecurity would be the monthly unemployment rate which over the last five years has been no higher than 6.3%.  Yes, people lose their jobs.  But they find new ones, sometimes paying more, sometimes paying less.  How bad is it out there?

I don’t know.  And yes, I have tenure.  And I spent many years in academic life without it.  If it were revoked today or if George Mason disappeared, I would find another job.  And yes, I have a lot of education.  It helps.  But is pervasive insecurity really the dominant fact of life for the average American living in perhaps the richest society in human history where creativity and fluid capital markets are constantly creating new business opportunity?

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  • John P.

    Faultolerant -- What job do you have where you make $250k a year and are just now getting your first degree? (Curious, that's all.)

  • JohnDewey

    "if we were to maintain the govt. regulations which lead to such suppposed security then we(meaning the ENTIRE economic distribution of the U.S) would be largely devoid of the specatcular gains in standard of living over the past thirty years."


    John Pertz, I agree with your point. But I'm not sure job security of 30 and 40 years ago was solely due to government regulations. Certainly AT&T's monopoly and the airlines' protected environment allowed them to keep promises to employees. But many non-regulated companies were equally committed to lifetime employment.


    Capital structure changes the past three decades were significant. Leverage may have boosted earnings and bonuses, but it also had to increase the variability in employment patterns.

  • Randy

    This blog is definitely starting to attract a wide range of posters. But I recommend leaving the word "troll" to the folks over at Delong's site. I would like to think we can handle differences of opinion like adults.

  • John Pertz

    Is there really more insecurity in the workplace than thirty years ago? I believe that point would be hard to prove either way. However, the point that I would like to argue is that if we were to maintain the govt. regulations which lead to such suppposed security then we(meaning the ENTIRE economic distribution of the U.S) would be largely devoid of the specatcular gains in standard of living over the past thirty years. Arguing that there is some sort of benevelont alternative to laissez faire is a wild proposition in my opinion. Interventionism has certainly produced mixed results in varying degrees. France, Germany, and Italy are laughable failures in my book. The crippling effect that the public sector has had on the future advancement of the quality of life within those nations is criminal. Norway is comendable however, they are the EXTREME exception and not the rule. Praying for bureaucrats to deliever the goods is about as worthy of a cause as praying for tropical conditions in the artic.


    BTW, Id just like to say that Harrelson is a hack. I had the ability to write better editorials as an eleventh grader. He is a woefully inadequate representative of the modern editorial left within the U.S. In fact much of what he ways is worthless and it reminds me of when I was a young boy who was obsessed with partisan party politics. If you are a leftist then there are far greater places to turn for insight such as the economics department at the University of Utah. Who'd a thunk it?

  • save_the_rustbelt

    IBM is freezing the defined benefit plan and substituting a defined contribution plan.


    To be fair to IBM, this looks like a reasonable switch, as opposed to thier previous cash-balance fiasco.


    Having crunched some numbers on some of these deals, this could be tough on those 48 - 58, who get caught in the transition and get two inadequate benefit streams. Maybe not.

  • thingsbetterwithkoch

    Aaron, Aaron, are you for real? Getting tired of voting are you. I am too actually. Let's do everything my way from now on.


    Actually, more voting is becoming the new trend. There were some folks a while back who thought they didn't need votes to stay in office any more. They got to be quite famous, but came to a bad end.


    For those interested in the Koch-GP buyout visit http://koch-gp.blogspot.com/</p>

  • Faultolerant

    Karl....are you the comedic relief? If so, you need much better material.


    Forbes & Aaron: Two points: If our services weren't in demand we couldn't demand the wages we do. I thought that was supposed to be part-n-parcel of your vaunted "free trade". If people don't want to pay me, they have the option not to. Secondly, since you have no clue what I do, how do you know I'm overpaid for it? Not to mention, since you aren't paying the bills, how are you to value my services? There's a lot more to this world than just writing Java and Visual Basic (And working for DOD is NOT my forte!)


    Forbes, you amazingly myopic little man, do you think that everyone on the planet is born with money? I earned every nickel I have and not too long ago I was earning $20 an hour and working damn hard for it. I'm just as qualified to "opine" for Joe Sixpack as you are to "opine" a valued, valid economic opinion.


    On to more important issues:


    I notice an alarming tendency of several posts in this thread to demonize privatization of SS. What is there to fear in doing so?


    Right now, all the money we contribute each and every year is thrown into the "general fund" and a "promissory note" is given in replacement. Sorry, but I just don't want to rely on an IOU to prevent me from eating Little Friskies Buffet when I'm 80 years old.


    There's little doubt that something must be done lest SS go truly bankrupt - moreso than it's already heading for. Raising taxes, lowering benefits and means testing are all inevitable in one form or another.


    For every day we cling to the current Ponzi Scheme that is sold to the gullible as SS, is one more day we have to work at digging out of this hole. I'm sure as heck not planning on it for my retirement.


    For once, I'm absolutely of the mindset: Let the Market handle it.

  • save_the_rustbelt

    There are at least eight major gasoline vendors represented in this town in about 30 locations and the only significant variation in retail price is that all stations within 1/4 mile of I-75 are 8 cents or so higher.


    I have watched that same pattern throughout the midwest for more than 35 years.


    Not one company (excepting one cash-only station off the beaten path) tries to compete on price? They all have the same cost structure? They all have identical demand surges starting 10:00 am on Thursday?


    Too many coincidences for this kid. Any other market sector would see price fixing charges.

  • Joel

    Who needs evidence when you have empty rhetoric!

  • JohnDewey

    "I've wondered for 35 years how oil companies can violate retail price fixing laws openly without worry."


    Where is your evidence? Federal and California agencies have investigated gasoline price-fixing claims for 30 years - and come up empty. Even though the gasoline stations post prices in giant letters, one can still find large variations in prices among stations in a samll area.


    If oil companies could somehow fix prices, why didn't they do so from 1982 to 2002? In real dollars, U.S. gasoline prices dropped to lowest levels ever. How could anyone conclude that oil companies had fixed prices so low?


  • save_the_rustbelt

    Retail gasoline prices are up $.40 since December 26th.


    I've wondered for 35 years how oil companies can violate retail price fixing laws openly without worry.


    It seems the oil companies own a lot of politicians.

  • centrist

    Wow...strong stuff on this site! Free trade is efficient. That trade also generates chaos. So in order shore up support for free trade the government needs to help take out some of the insecurity for the rank and file. National health insurance would be a good place to start. Anyone that does not like this post can either go hang out w/ heritage foundation or the anti-globalization crowd.

  • save_the_rustbelt

    Social security privization failed becuase the Bush administration was incredibly inept and incompetent. Now we wait 'til after 2008, which wastes time we don't have.


    AS far as pervasive insecurity, much of the center of the country has never recovered from the Y2000 recession. Ohio has to fudge its' workforce numbers to reduce the unemployment rate (learned from the Bush administration?).


    The American economy has gotten very efficent at destroying $20-an-hour jobs and replacing them with $9-an-hour jobs. On the unemployment reports, a job is a job.


    The Bush acolytes are so obssessed with national numbers and averages they haven't noticed that 80% of American workers are not participating in the recovery.


    And I am getting really sick of tenured economics professors rejoicing over the destruction of blue collar jobs. Mankiw is on a grump because we are not destroying textile jobs fast enough to suit his tenured butt. Krugman is upset about Delphi, about 5.5 manufacturing jobs too late.


    "Let them eat cake!"

  • Mace

    See what happens when Cafe Hayek shows up on NPR? You're promptly assaulted by a bunch of clueless Leftist trolls....

  • Another thing, I'm tired of this zombie-like assertion that voting is somehow the optimal means for organizing society. In my opinion, voting signals the failure of laissez faire, which is a very, very sad moment.


    Democracy, along with voting, has been turned into a religion in this country, especially in the anti-terrorist ferver. Yet its a religion we dont even remotely follow, in our one-party kleptocracy.


    Our real advantage is our capitalist system, and our (relatively high) embrace of laissez faire. These concepts are only "voting" inasmuch as they involve voting with your wallet, and they are not democracy--they are a-governmental.


    This is a much better mode--you aren't as limited in potential solutions, and you can opt out while simultaneously avoiding paying in (for example, how I don't pay for or use Microsoft software).

  • I think its amusing that Bush is willing to run around conducting all kinds of secret, civil-liberties-violations in the name of the "safety" of the American people, without asking them, but when it comes to ceasing to be wildly irresponsible with their retirement, he feels the need to ask them for permission to act in accordance with simple principles of finance.


    But back to the main point--workers today are clearly less secure, though this is balanced out by greater overall outcomes. More people are working for themselves, or have control of their finances such that they are more "portable" beween short-term jobs. I do, however, think there is a lot of real pain at the wage end of things, due to illegal immigration and globalization.


    It is being proven now that kingly pensions were a bad idea. They are simply unsustainable, en masse. Retirement is a concept that must be paid for by the shrewd operation of one's own self-interest.


    P.S. - Faultolerant, I agree, you are overpaid. A quarter mil for software dev? Where do I sign up? Must be defense contracting... I would definitely be worried about that contracting in the not-too-distant future...

  • MjrMjr

    "But is pervasive insecurity really the dominant fact of life for the average American living in perhaps the richest society in human history where creativity and fluid capital markets are constantly creating new business opportunity?"


    Yes. Yes, yes, and yes.


    A not insignificant percentage of the population worries at night about how to pay their bills and whether they'll be able to retire. The world you live in is *so* far removed from what the average family in the U.S. feels about their financial prospects. I say this not as a judgement of any sort, merely a statement of fact.


    I'll graduate from GMU in the Spring with a BA in Econ. I'm already feeling the insecurity... over $10k of student loans breathing down my neck, and I haven't even got in the game yet, so to speak.





  • Zephyr

    You can't make something from nothing. The choice is either more tax or less benefit. The sooner we raise the FICA tax the less severe the need will be. Just raise it to 7.0% and we can forget about the problem for 50 years.

  • thingsbetterwithkoch

    You college profs and the folks at CATO and others (you know who you are) pushing brainless George Bush to use his politcal capital (he thought he had political capital just because he actually got more votes than the other guy this time)to privatize social security and change (save) the world.


    You missed free market 101. The people will act in their current best interest. No one, save Wall Streeters, had an imminent perceived advantage to change to a private SS. Where was the incentive for a change? You all should have known better.

  • Forbes

    Karl, you had a point, or you're just a troll?


    I thought so.


    Now as a pyramid scheme, Social Security is about as good as it gets. Though my personal preference has been to refer to it as a Ponzi scheme, where FICA taxpayers--as current "investors" in the scheme--simply funds payouts to earlier scheme "investors"; said payouts are made to SS recipients and other spending programs as the Ponzi government sees fit.


    Cheers.

  • Forbes

    Faultolerant:


    Just my $0.02, you're overpaid. Two quarter-million dollar salaries, a (near debt-free) million dollar home, maxing out on pension contributions, and investing spare time in professional education and development activities to constantly improve your skill set means you understand that to be the case, as well (whether you admit it, is another thing, but actions speak louder than words).


    Do us a favor: don't opine for Joe Six-Pack, or the lower-skilled among us, because your potential for struggling to get by, on nearly four-times the median household income, is not worth the "unsettling" characterization you've made it out to be. (Just check out in what percentile distribution you land for US incomes.)


    As to Meyerson, it is telling that he cited facts that go against his interest, vis, airlines and autos. These two industries are currently in the news due to the unaffordability of their legacy pension and healthcare plans. Plans with the type of guarantees Meyerson proudly trumps as that which the American public does not wish their government to abdicate. But merely wishing something to be the case, does not make it so, even over Meyerson's objections.


    Just as the airlines and autos are discovering, the government has made future retirement promises it cannot keep.


    But give Meyerson credit for being partly right for pointing out an "insecurity that is inextricably part...of modern life." Unfortunately it is modern government via Social Security and Medicare benefit promises, and Department of Labor regulations regarding private benefit funding formulas, that have left these programs massively underfunded.


    That people are now waking up from the dreamworld of benefit promises, to realize the nightmare of retirement insecurity, is truely unfortunate, but capitalism is most certainly not the cause thereof.

  • genardo

    "A truly refined mind will seem to be ignorant of the existence of anything that is not perfectly proper, placid, and pleasant." - Charles Dickens


    Hey Russell, you're so refined, you're so refined, you blow my mind! Hey Russell! Hey Russell!


    fault, ss you are wont to do, you've managed to almost precisely express my sentiments; and so much more ably and adeptly than I could ever hope to do.





  • JohnDewey

    "The safe world was built on promises that could not be kept, that is why it's tenure (unlike Russell's) was so short-lived."


    Was it really short-lived? Companies such as IBM, AT&T, and Texaco kept their promises for at least 40 years. They were not exceptions.


    What may be different now is the mindset of CEO's. The ones raised in the depression years understood how traumatic it is to be 50 years old and out of work. Those raised in the 60's and later probably rationalize that laid off workers will quickly find another good job.


    It's easy to say that a CEO's responsibility is first and foremost to the shareholders. But that doesn't mean the CEO should ignore the plight of employees.


    When I worked at Fedex for Fred Smith in the 80's and 90's, I knew my job was secure. His management team understood the value of loyalty. They were committed to taking care of the workers. I've seen firsthand how Mr. Smith's "People First" philosophy paid off - both to the employees directly and, through their dedication, to the shareholders.

  • karl

    Wow! You are giving Bryan Caplan a run for his money (and I do mean money!) as cluelessest dingbat at george mason! To the extent that this flabby, meandering, pointless post has a point, it's something like "George and Ginny Taxpayer would be better off if Social Security were privatized."


    People with functional frontal lobes (e.g., people who do NOT work for the economics department at GMU) understand that the stock market is a pyramid scheme and that attempts to "privatize" social security are pathetic, transparent attempts to keep the pyramid scheme going as long as possible, to benefit current shareholders.


    But hey, I reckon Koch Industries and the other corporate entities that fill your coffers think it's cost effective to pay y'all to generate this pathetic gibberish!


    Otherwise, they'd stop funding a third (or maybe fourth?) rate bunch of economists to spread mind-numbing propaganda like this and just invest in billboards that proclaim "GREED IS GOOD!"

  • faultolerant

    Dr. Boudreaux:


    I'd like to answer your question about "job insecurity", at least from my POV:


    My wife and I both earn nice 6-figure incomes. Today we earn about 100k *less* than we did four years ago because the market is less robust than it once was. (We're software engineers)


    My wife carries two degrees, while I'm just earning my first, after a misspent youth. We both have 22 years experience.


    We are consultants and keep in constant contact with about two dozen agencies, network extensively, participate in multiple industry forums, marketing plans, et al, ad nauseum, ad absurdum.


    We have two new cars and a seven-figure new home in a tony suburb of Dallas. Our debt (exlucing the house) comes to less than three month's salary at current rates. We max-out our retirement plans (401(k) & SEPP) every year. We've even instructed our financial planner to completely disregard Social Security in our retirement planning because we perceive it will be "means-tested" before long....it's inevitable that something will have to give, and it's likely that folks like us (who have strong savings) will be exluded from the program.


    In all honesty, I think we're about the best prepared, most "connected" and well-positioned people we know in regards to potential job-loss. Frankly, we're scared witless.


    On one hand, if we were more complacent, I doubt we'd be so "connected" or that we'd max-out our retirement plans with such fervor. I further doubt that we would engage in so much continued learning, training, networking, etc. Without a doubt if we were more complacent I would NOT be spending my evenings and weekends studying INR2020 or FIN3200. I have lots better to do than study a textbook.......


    Our lack of complacency is largely because there is no such thing as a "job for life" anymore - and I'm not sure that's a bad thing. I do know that for people less qualified, less capable and more skillset-bound than we are the job market is almost terrifying.


    Yes, jobs DO abound. Albertsons is hiring. Starbucks is hiring. Wal-mart is hiring. Of course, not a single one of them is willing to pay over $100 an hour. Seriously, if the situation would occur, I suspect (worse case) that we'd have to learn to live on two $100k salaries. That's not a bad fall-back position, but nowhere as nice as two $250k salaries.


    Folks who live from paycheck-to-paycheck, however, are looking at much bleaker prospects. The market for lesser-skilled, older or single-skill workers is shrinking with each passing day. Especially if your skills are manufacturing based. Through a combination of outsourcing, offshoring, imports and technological improvement, there are fewer lower-skilled workers needed, and the jobs that remain are paid less, overall.


    Mind you, I'm not making any pejorative statements about the economy, productivity, offshoring, imports or anything else. They all contribute to the conundrum of the middle-class worker. The facts remain, however, that now - as much or more than ever - there's less "security" than ever for "Joe Sixpack".


    Yes, it is true, that we all have more choices in the marketplace, often at lower prices or higher quality. That's a wonderful thing. But not everyone in America is a "knowledge worker", trained for nuclear physics or capable of learning a new, in-demand skill overnight.


    It's entirely natural to be fearful of losing what you've worked to acquire. And that fear isn't limited to *just* the lower-skilled amongst us. It may be a strong motivator, but it's also incredibly unsettling.


    Pervasive insecurity: Yes. It is bad: Maybe not.


    Just my $.02 worth.

  • "I'm not advocating a return to the safe, but expensive regulated world"


    That world does not exist anywhere. Sure, there are places like France which still have the regulation but it hasn't provided long term security. There, the older workers do have some security but at a coast of massive unemployment for young people (who will never get the same benefits).


    The "safe" world was built on promises that could not be kept, that is why it's tenure (unlike Russell's) was so short-lived.

  • Randy

    I think the pervasive insecurity comes first, and is followed by coming up with reasons to explain it. Its just our nature to worry. We used to worry about barbarians and drought, now we worry about getting fired or losing our insurance. The problem isn't our insecurity - this could even be considered a good thing as it drives us to achieve. The problem is politicians who take advantage of this to increase their power over us.

  • JohnDewey

    "It is the multitude of potential employers that give real security, not the single firm that can break unspoken "life-time" contracts."


    If you polled the millions of current and former telephone, airline, and automotive workers, I think you'd find that most would prefer to return to what they saw as the security of the 60's and 70's. The so-called "flexibility" in the current job market doesn't offer near as much to older workers and retirees as is does to younger ones.


    I'm not advocating a return to the safe, but expensive regulated world. But I do recognize that everyone is not better off. We've all benefitted from lower costs and proliferation of product choices. But some have been big losers because they believed in the implied contracts. It's easy in restrospect to criticize their lack of foresight. But for 30 years of their lives those contracts seemed real.


  • "But I also think that the implied contracts between large corporations and their workers have changed over the past three decades."


    Firms are as flexible in hiring as they are in firing. I would rather risk losing my job, knowing it is less of an issue to be hired elsewhere, than have a significantly lower risk of losing my job, but knowing there are fewer opportunities if I wanted to leave or were fired.


    Flixibility is good. It is the multitude of potential employers that give real security, not the single firm that can break unspoken "life-time" contracts.

  • JohnDewey

    "Anyone who characterizes the present as an era of pervasive insecurity is guilty of gross hyperbole."


    Tom, I think this a correct statement. But I also think that the implied contracts between large corporations and their workers have changed over the past three decades. A fifty-five year old employee sweating layoffs doesn't remember the depression era or the Civil War era. He remembers the promises made in 1970 when he was first hired.


    It's easy to say that good jobs are available at other companies, so workers shouldn't be insecure. But a thirty year airline employee cannot offer the value to another industry that would ensure his accustomed standard of living. For many, it's not going to be a 10 percent reduction in salary or retirement pay, but rather more like 30 or 50 percent.

  • The last time Americans suffered pervasive economic insecurity was during the Great Depression. As for general insecurity, that's what Americans felt in the early years of World War II. There have been, perhaps, four eras of pervasive insecurity in the history of the United States: (1) the founding and early years under the Constitution (through the War of 1812); (2) the Civil War years, and the years of tension leading up to it; (3) the Depression/war years from late 1929 until about 1943-44; (4) the years when Americans actually feared nuclear war (from the early 1950s until the mid-1960s). Anyone who characterizes the present as an era of pervasive insecurity is guilty of gross hyperbole.

  • JohnDewey

    I think today's jobholders are less secure than those of 30 years ago. When I graduated from college in 1976, jobs with most large U.S. corporations could be considered lifetime employment. These included AT&T, Texaco, Gulf Oil, Eastern Airlines, Pan Am, General Motors, IBM, Xerox, the local electric utility, and many more. These companies had been growing nonstop for 30 to 40 years. What reason did we have to believe the growth would end?


    I am happy to enjoy all the benefits of new technology, of deregulation, and of globalization. I don't wish to return to the lower living standards of 30 years ago, when we paid $1.00 a minute for phone calls and $1,000 to fly 1,000 miles. I've accepted job insecurity as a price for today's affluence. But I'm a well-educated man, an MBA from a prestigious school. I wonder whether all U.S. workers understand the tradeoff.

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