… is from page 100 of Frank Machovec’s profoundly important 1995 volume, Perfect Competition and the Transformation of Economics (citations omitted; original emphasis):
The state of affairs ultimately created by competition was certainly discussed by every classical writer, but to apply a magnifying glass to the price-equals-cost (equilibrium) condition, as if it were the heart of classical analysis, is a case of mistaking ‘the shadow for the substance’. In fact, Adam Smith’s most emphatic and recurring thematic point – his explanation of the invisible hand – had nothing to do with the final results of the process and had everything to do with the role of incentives, i.e., the nature of the process.


The state of affairs ultimately created by competition was certainly discussed by every classical writer, but to apply a magnifying glass to the price-equals-cost (equilibrium) condition, as if it were the heart of classical analysis, is a case of mistaking ‘the shadow for the substance’. In fact, Adam Smith’s most emphatic and recurring thematic point – his explanation of the invisible hand – had nothing to do with the final
