… is from page 73 of Phil Magness’s superb 2020 book, The 1619 Project: A Critique:
Capitalism was not proclaimed, adopted, imposed, or arrived at as a moment in time. In the classical-liberal sense, capitalism simply refers to a set of conditions and circumstances that are favorable to voluntary human interactions and that are distinguished by their absence of a centralized design. It describes a number of attributes in an economy – a freedom in the exchange and movement of goods and people, a general recognition of the validity of private property and a stable and discernible system of contracts built upon it, a cultural environment of toleration for choice and discovery, and a worldview that – at least in its professed values – deprecates forceful predation, whether by other economic actors or the power of the nation-state. A classical liberal history of capitalism is therefore a history of the conditions that permit free exchange and discovery, and with them the witnessed results of the past two hundred years.


Capitalism was not proclaimed, adopted, imposed, or arrived at as a moment in time. In the classical-liberal sense, capitalism simply refers to a set of conditions and circumstances that are favorable to voluntary human interactions and that are distinguished by their absence of a centralized design. It describes a number of attributes in an economy – a freedom in the exchange and movement of goods and people, a general recognition of the validity of private property and a stable and discernible system of contracts built upon it, a cultural environment of toleration for choice and discovery, and a worldview that – at least in its professed values – deprecates forceful predation, whether by other economic actors or the power of the nation-state. A classical liberal history of capitalism is therefore a history of the conditions that permit free exchange and discovery, and with them the witnessed results of the past two hundred years.
