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Supporting Cafe Hayek

Several of you have asked me how you can support Cafe Hayek. I very much appreciate your offer.

I do Cafe Hayek as a labor of love – love for myself (I vent my spleen!) and love for economics and liberty. You’ll notice that there are no ads on Cafe Hayek. I get paid nothing beyond my psychic rewards to do this blog. But if you’d like to help, please do make a contribution to the Mercatus Center.

You can do so by going here.

And, if you like, you can click on “Add comment” to specify that your contribution is in appreciation for Cafe Hayek.

Thanks everyone. Merry holidays and a very happy 2026!

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Some Links

Roger Pielke Jr. explains that “insurance companies are making record profits off climate change panic, not facts.” Three slices:

Defenders of high premiums say it’s because it’s much more expensive to insure homes because of climate change.

But the recent spike in insurance prices is much more likely due, in significant part, to political requirements across the industry that financial companies consider “climate risk,” and the corresponding suite of risk modelers established to meet the newly ­created demand.

…..

These requirements resulted in the creation of a new cottage industry — “climate risk” vendors who promised the ability to produce computer models that accurately quantify the effects of climate change on extreme weather and risks of financial loss faced by individual properties.

Yet the science behind such bold promises has been called into question. For instance, one climate scientist warned, “A lot of these bold, hyperlocal claims are greatly outpacing the science.” A model vendor warned similarly, “It’s a Wild West right now.”

Such concerns have been validated by a new study of 13 different climate risk vendors undertaken by the Global Association of Risk Professionals (GARP) on behalf of the Climate Financial Risk Forum.

…..

Insurance companies have spent many decades estimating risk. Perhaps regulators should allow them to come to their own conclusions, rather than insisting they use dodgy science and charge customers even more.

Here’s Scott Lincicome on Michael Green’s recent claim that American households today with less than $140,000 in annual income are poverty-stricken. A slice:

Green’s piece elicited sharp rebuttals (and online follow-ups) from several economists and pundits, including AEI’s Scott Winship, Cato’s Jeremy HorpedahlGeorge Mason’s Tyler Cowen, substacker Noah Smith, and Reason’s Eric Boehm. And it collapsed under this scrutiny.

First, Green dramatically understated American incomes and wealth. Central to his thesis, for example, is that the median American family makes just $80,000 per year. Yet Horpedahl showed that this figure included single people and retirees, while the actual number for Green’s target demographic—married couples with children—was $132,959 last year. For the median American family with two earners, meanwhile, the 2024 figure was an even higher $142,200. Horpedahl thus concludes:

So already we can see that ~$140,000 is not some mythical number that is unattainable by American families. For the type of family Mr. Green is interested in, half of the families are already at this income level. True, that does mean that half are also below it, but the $80,000 figure he keeps using as a baseline isn’t anywhere near the right number. When he says things like “If one parent stays home, the income drops to $40,000 or $50,000” (from the supposed $80,000 baseline), he is drastically understating the financial situation of a typical family.

Art Carden correctly makes much of this central insight about the freedom to exchange claims to private property rights: “[economic] knowledge does not just exist ‘out there’ waiting to be found and analyzed. It emerges in exchange itself.”

Meredith Kolsky Lewis reaches this sensible conclusion about the pending U.S. Supreme Court ruling regarding the legality of Trump’s punitive IEEPA taxes – a.k.a. tariffs – on Americans’ purchases of imports:

While the outcome remains to be seen, two things are clear. First, if the Court upholds the tariffs, it will represent an unprecedented – and in my view unwise – blank check for the President to impose tariffs with no meaningful guardrails. Second, if the IEEPA tariffs are struck down, President Trump will almost certainly employ other tools at his disposal to impose other tariffs and continue to pressure other countries to negotiate deals to avoid such levies. Furthermore, although a decision striking down the tariffs would require the government to refund payments, it will likely make the process for seeking refunds slow and difficult – e.g. by requiring substantial documentation. Thus, going forward, consumers are unlikely to see lower prices across the board, and importers may still find their inputs facing tariffs, albeit under different legislative authority.

Elizabeth Price Foley and Jason Torchinsky make clear that “disparate-Impact theory is unconstitutional” and that “it purports to combat discrimination but in practice ends up encouraging it.” Two slices:

Disparate-impact theory allows a discrimination plaintiff to prevail based on statistical disparities in outcome, with no need to show an intent to discriminate. The theory appeared nowhere in the 1964 act, but the Justice Department grafted it onto Title VI, which prohibits discrimination by educational institutions and other recipients of federal money, via a 1966 regulation. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission did the same for Title VII, which bars employment discrimination.

…..

The administration’s rescissions of disparate-impact regulations are laudable, but they won’t solve the constitutional problem. A successor could simply reinstate the regulations; and a few civil-rights laws, including Title VII, authorize such liability. The only long-term solution is litigation challenging disparate-impact liability on equal-protection grounds. Given the justices’ decision in Students for Fair Admission v. Harvard (2023) that racial preferences in college admissions violate equal protection, there’s reason to think a majority would be open to the argument that disparate-impact theory is unconstitutional. As Chief Justice John Roberts observed in another case, “The way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race.”

Rightly appalled by the (anti-)intellectual shenanigans of the likes of Candace Owens, Eva Terry describes “the true toll of conspiracy theories.”

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Quotation of the Day…

… is from page 104 of Eamonn Butler’s 2021 book, An Introduction to Trade & Globalisation (links added):

Experiments indicate that the more widespread markets are, the more people trust each other (Henrich 2016), giving us grounds for optimism that trade promotes cooperation, understanding and trust between nations too. Studies suggest that trade even promotes fairness and equality, discourages nationalism, defuses ethnic and international conflict and promotes peace (Wright 2018). Trading nations are more likely to share liberal values such as personal and political freedom, the primacy of the individual, minimal coercion, the rule of law, openness and free speech (Butler 2015).

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Here’s an email to the great Claremont Graduate University economist Tom Willett.

Tom:

I’m glad to learn from your kind email that you agree with my assessment that the economic interventions of President Xi and his henchmen won’t improve China’s economy. (If ever I find myself in disagreement with you, I’ve almost certainly messed up.) You might, nevertheless, be correct that, as you say, “Xi has turned out to be a much better bargainer than deal maker Trump.” But it’s unclear that this reality generally works to Americans’ disadvantage – or to China’s advantage.

One of the most bizarre features of the often topsy-turvy world of international-trade negotiations is that each government holds the well-being of its own citizens hostage as it bargains with other governments to pressure them to improve the well-being of their – the other governments’ – citizens.

To pressure Beijing to allow the Chinese people to enjoy greater access to inexpensive imports from America, the U.S. government threatens to prevent Americans from enjoying greater access to inexpensive imports from China. Beijing says the like to the U.S. government.

“I’ll not allow my citizens to raise their living standards,” each government effectively tells the other, “unless you allow your citizens to raise their living standards!”

“Damn you!” each government then retorts. “Okay, I’ll make the sacrifice of allowing my citizens to raise their living standards if you agree to make the sacrifice of allowing your citizens to raise their living standards.” In such negotiations, Trump is unaware that the people he’s putting first are not Americans, but the Chinese. Fortunately, Xi – equally unaware – is willing to sacrifice the well-being of the Chinese people in order to pressure Trump to improve the well-being of Americans by lowering U.S. tariffs.

At work here is a whacky invisible hand waved into motion by mercantilist fallacies. Each government’s desire to increase its country’s exports leads it to bow to the other government’s demand that it lower its import barriers. What each government reckons to be a benefit (more exports) is really a cost, and what each government reckons to be a cost (more imports) is really a benefit. Fortunately, this whacky invisible hand typically does manage to keep tariffs lower than they would otherwise be, to the benefit of the people of both countries.

Like our revered teacher Leland Yeager, you know all this, of course. I just had to spell it out in order to vent my spleen at the idiocy of it all.

All the best,
Don

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Some Links

Unsurprisingly, Arnold Kling’s take on Greg Ip’s take on China’s effect on the global economy is sound. A slice:

Our ability to produce and consume goods and services depends on our productivity. China does not affect that. China can affect the mix of goods and services that we produce. If it sells us some stuff at below cost, we can say “thank you” and produce something else instead.

As long as we are looking only at our consumption opportunities, trade is positive sum. If China wants to sell us stuff below cost, that hurts them and helps us.

The Editorial Board of the Washington Post reveals “the lunacy of asking tourists to turn over their social media history.” A slice:

America’s closest allies are among the 42 countries in the visa waiver program whose visitors would now be subject to these checks. Not only does this seem impractical, creating unnecessary red tape for our friends to navigate when coming to America. It also cedes the free-speech high ground. Can the U.S. inveigh against the U.K. arresting an Irish comedian for his tweets or South Korea enacting “disinformation laws” when it also treats speech as dangerous?

It’s certainly not going to help tourism. Hospitality industry leaders complain they weren’t consulted before the new rule was proposed in the Federal Register, which kicked off a 60-day period for public comment. The agency responds that this is just “the first step in starting a discussion.” If the administration is so interested in reading what foreigners have to say on social media, they should heed the complaints from people across the world who fear old Facebook posts could prevent them from getting to see the World Cup next year.

Ramesh Ponnuru explains that, on the question of birthright citizenship in the U.S., “the president and his allies are … wrong about the Constitution.” A slice:

The meaning of a law is, in the first place, not limited to what its authors mainly had in mind. The equal protection clause, also in the 14th Amendment, was motivated principally to ensure that state governments protected ex-slaves. Because it was written in general language, though, it extends to other groups and it doesn’t apply only to racial discrimination.

Here’s the speech that María Corina Machado would have personally delivered had she – the 2025 winner of the Nobel Peace Prize – been able to get to Oslo in time. Two slices:

Meanwhile, something deeper and more corrosive took place. It was a deliberate method: to divide society by ideology, by race, by origin, by ways of life; pushing Venezuelans to distrust one another, to silence one another, to see enemies in one another. They smothered us, they took us prisoners, they killed us, they forced us into exile.

It had been almost three decades of fighting against a brutal dictatorship.

And we had tried everything: dialogues betrayed; protests of millions, crushed; elections perverted.

Hope collapsed entirely, and belief in any kind of future became impossible. The idea of change seemed either naive or crazy. Impossible.

Yet, from the very depths of that despair, a step that seemed modest, almost procedural, unleashed a force that changed the course of our history.

We decided, against all odds, to run a primary election. An unlikely act of rebellion. We chose to trust the people.

To rediscover one another, we traveled by road and by dirt path in a country with gasoline shortages, daily blackouts, and collapsing communications.

Forbidden from advertising, without money or media willing to speak our names, we crossed it armed only with conviction.

Word of mouth was our network of hope, and it spread faster than any campaign. Because our desire for freedom was very much alive within us.

…..

Our political prisoners, the persecuted, their families, and all who defend human rights; those who sheltered us, fed us, and risked everything to protect us; the journalists who refused silence, the artists who carried our voice; my exceptional team, my mentors, my fellow political and social activists; the leaders around the world who joined and defended our cause; my three children, my adored father, my mother, my three sisters, my brave and loving husband, who’ve all supported me throughout my life; and above all, the millions of anonymous Venezuelans who risked their homes, their families, and their lives out of love.

To them belongs this honor.

To them belongs this day.

Peter Savodnik reports on “the revenge of the climate realists.” A slice:

Of course, [Michael] Shellenberger said, the decline of climate alarmism does not mean the decline of alarmism. We had segued seamlessly from the Cold War–era fear of nuclear war to the fear of overpopulation to the fear of climate change.

And now?

“Now, it’s probably going to be AI security,” [Steven] Koonin said. “That’s a big one. Or maybe microplastics. It could definitely be microplastics.”

It did not help that we inhabited a supremely political moment, [Roger] Pielke said. The polarization, the anger, the constant ratcheting up of our emotions—it made us more susceptible to other people’s moral crusades.

“I would not expect a reckoning,” Pielke added.

The Editorial Board of the Wall Street Journal applauds the exposure of some faulty climate ‘science.’ A slice:

Still other scientists in August noted in a comment that “data anomalies arising from one country” in the “underlying GDP dataset, Uzbekistan, substantially bias their predicted impacts of climate change.” When the Uzbekistan data was removed and statistical uncertainty corrected for, the results were no longer “statistically distinguishable from mitigation costs at any time this century.”

In other words, the economic harm from climate change no longer exceeded the costs of the government interventions to do something to arrest warming temperatures.

The study had so many errors that Nature has now retracted it, but what an embarrassment. “Post-publication, the results were found to be sensitive to the removal of one country, Uzbekistan, where inaccuracies were noted in the underlying economic data for the period 1995–1999,” the retraction says.

The retraction is also a black eye for the Network for Greening the Financial System, a group of central banks and financial regulators that incorporated the study’s projections into its bank climate stress test scenarios. The Federal Reserve belonged to the network until Chair Jerome Powell withdrew in January.

One question is why the study’s glaring errors weren’t caught by peer reviewers before it was published. One culprit might be conformity bias, as reviewers didn’t want to gainsay findings that support the narrative that humanity is killing the planet and the entire world economy must be rearranged to prevent it. When politics is in the saddle, the chances of bad science increase.

If progressives want to know why so many Americans don’t believe claims of the climate apocalypse, it’s because so much of climate science has been shown to be unbelievable.

Eric Rasmusen accuses the American Economic Association of hypocrisy.

My GMU Econ colleague Mark Koyama reviews W. Walker Hanlon’s The Laissez Faire Experiment.

Responding to a context-less – and, hence, misleading – tweet by E.J. Antoni, Ph.D., GMU Econ alum Jeremy Horpedahl tweets: (HT Scott Lincicome)

A Big Mac was $2.45. The average wage in 1994 was $11.33. One hour of work bought 4.6 Big Macs

Today: Big Mac is around $6. Average wage is $31.53. One hour of work buys 5.2 Big Macs

No one took anything from you!

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Quotation of the Day…

… is from page 15 of Paul Seabright’s excellent 2004 book, The Company of Strangers:

Citizens of the industrialized market economies have lost their sense of wonder at the fact that they can decide spontaneously to go out in search of food, clothing, furniture, and thousands of other useful, attractive, frivolous, or life-saving items, and that when they do so, somebody will have anticipated their actions and thoughtfully made such items available for them to buy. For our ancestors who wandered the plains in search of game, or scratched the earth to grow grain under a capricious sky, such a future would have seemed truly miraculous, and the possibility that it might come about without the intervention of any overall controlling intelligence would have seemed incredible.

DBx: I say again to those who doubt that free markets are genuine and that these markets work wonders for ordinary people: Step into a modern American supermarket and behold the cornucopia before your eyes! Every item – each of the nearly 50,000 goods – is priced such that you can purchase it easily. Think of all the efforts of the countless strangers who daily work to make this cornucopia available to you. What prompts them to perform these great services? And what guides them to perform these services in ways that are genuinely useful to you and other strangers?

You have a soul of vinegar or a mind of mud if you are not in awe of the glorious human cooperation spontaneously achieved by market processes.

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How Smart Are Beijing’s Thugs?

Here’s a letter to a regular, and friendly, correspondent.

Tim:

Thanks for your email. You write:

Leadership in China, regardless of political persuasion, isn’t stupid, so what’s its motive for such a policy? World dependence on its products? To temporarily ramp up production to expand capacity? What?

Leadership in China might not be stupid, but this fact doesn’t mean that it’s intelligent and informed enough to centrally direct the Chinese economy in ways that will steadily improve the lives of the ordinary people of China. The honchos and mandarins in Beijing are just as certain as is leadership in any other country to fail in their attempts to override the market at allocating resources productively.

Like government officials everywhere, the rulers in Beijing have no idea what are the inevitable unintended consequences of their economic interventions. Drunk with power – power that shields them from frank assessments of, and feedback on, their proposals – Pres. Xi’s and his cronies’ industrial policies will make China’s economy weaker and more brittle, even if they do manage to artificially expand a handful of industries and thereby impress economically ignorant and gullible westerners.

As for Xi & Co.’s motives, undoubtedly the overriding one is to retain power. And in pursuit of this goal they might well be unmatched geniuses. But it is their very need to suppress economic and other freedoms in order to cling to power that will ensure that they will never succeed at making China anything close to the highly productive economic colossus that is America.

Sincerely,
Donald J. Boudreaux
Professor of Economics
and
Martha and Nelson Getchell Chair for the Study of Free Market Capitalism at the Mercatus Center
George Mason University
Fairfax, VA 22030

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Some Links

Gale Pooley – inspired by the research of GMU Econ alum Jeremy Horpedahl – reports that “housing amenity abundance has increased significantly since 1956.” A slice:

Median home size has almost doubled, rising from about 1,150 square feet in 1956 to roughly 2,210 square feet today. Over the same period, average household size has shrunk from 3.3 people to 2.51. The result is a dramatic increase in living space per person—from just 348 square feet in 1956 to about 880 square feet today. That’s 532 more square feet per person, or a 153 percent increase. Had space per person stayed at its 1956 level, the typical home today would measure only about 874 square feet.

The median home cost about $14,500 in 1956—roughly $12.61 per square foot. With average wages at $1.85 an hour, each square foot required 6.82 hours of earning. Today, the median home price is about $420,300, or $190.18 per square foot. However, average wages have risen to $36.53 an hour (before benefits), bringing the time price down to 5.21 hours per square foot. So, while the dollar price per square foot has risen 15-fold, wages have increased nearly 20-fold. The result is the time price of housing has fallen by almost 24 percent.

Compared to 1956, we now enjoy 532 more square feet per person as well as homes packed with 3.7 times more amenities—and all of it for about 24 percent less time per square foot.

Patrick Carroll reveals what U.S. cities with the fastest declining rental rates have in common with each other.

George Will decries the ham-fisted intrusions of the U.S. government’s executive branch into higher education. Here’s his conclusion:

Finally, it is almost sublimely hilarious that Trump’s compact forbids universities to “belittle” — wait for it — “conservative ideas.” Such as? Civility? Free trade? Fiscal continence? The separation of powers? The rule of law? Keeping the public and private sectors distinct by not conscripting corporations (Intel, U.S. Steel and others) into the public sector? Government too modest to decree that universities must be “safe spaces” for conservatives (who used to be proud of not being snowflakes)?

The Trump administration is today’s comprehensive belittler of conservative ideas. Its solicitude for “conservative ideas” will not encompass this one: Many things are beyond government’s proper scope and actual competence. Watching today’s politics toy with an institution of MIT’s complexity and importance is like watching a toddler play with Sèvres porcelain.

Mitch Daniels applauds Indiana legislators for resisting intimidation from the White House to gerrymander. A slice:

It’s not that Indiana Republicans have deserted their president. Ninety percent of them voiced their approval of him in the same survey. It is simply that this proposal runs so counter to most people’s sense of principle, and priority. Attempts by outside political action committees to generate pro-redistricting rallies at the Statehouse flopped pathetically.

Jack Nicastro is correct: “The real villain in Minnesota’s $1.5 billion fraud scandal isn’t Somalis—it’s the feds.”

Arnaud Bertrand shares the details of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s new, absurd requirements for foreign tourists to the U.S.: (HT Scott Lincicome)

Insanely, submitting your past 5 years’ social media to enter the U.S. as a tourist is only a small part of the proposed upcoming requirements.

You’ll also need to give your DNA (!) among many other new requirements.

All the additional info you’ll need to give as a tourist eligible for ESTA (meaning those tourists who don’t need a visa, for instance from EU, UK, Australia, Japan, and other Visa Waiver countries):

– All social media accounts from the last 5 years
– All your biometrics: face, fingerprint, DNA, and iris
– All your phone numbers from the last 5 years
– All your email addresses from the last 10 years
– IP addresses and metadata from your submitted photos
– Names of your family members (parents, spouse, siblings, children)
– All your family members’ phone numbers from the last 5 years
– Your family members’ dates of birth
– Your family members’ places of birth
– Your family members’ residencies
– All your business phone numbers from the last 5 years
– All your business email addresses from the last 10 years

If you do need a visa (i.e. non ESTA), I imagine the requirements are going to be far more drastic.

This is straight from the Department of Homeland Security documentation which you can find here.

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Beggar Thy Own Citizens

This column by Greg Ip received a lot of undeserved attention.

Mr. G__:

Thanks for your email asking for my thoughts on Wall Street Journal columnist Greg Ip’s recent claim that “China’s growth is coming at the rest of the world’s expense.”

Here are my thoughts in a nutshell: Ip could not be more mistaken.

He writes about China:

In the past five years, its export volumes have soared while imports have flatlined. China is swallowing up a growing share of the world’s market for manufactured goods. This reveals an uncomfortable truth: Beijing is pursuing a “beggar thy neighbor” growth model at everyone else’s expense.

Let’s reword Ip’s passage to more clearly reveal the reality that it describes:

In the past five years, the goods it has produced and shipped to foreigners for their use have soared while the outputs it has gotten in return have flatlined. Those of us outside of China are benefiting from ever-more of China’s manufactured goods without our having to give to China in exchange any more of our goods. This reveals an uncomfortable truth for the Chinese people: Beijing is enriching the rest of the world by pursuing a “beggar thy own citizens” degrowth model.

A people are made poorer, not richer, when their government arranges for them to produce more output for foreigners’ use while simultaneously restricting what they receive in exchange from foreigners for their own use.

You, of course, would make your own household poorer, not richer, by obliging yourself, your wife, and your children to produce more goods for your neighbors’ use while preventing yourself, your wife, and your children from accepting from your neighbors anything more in exchange. The victims of your household’s bizarre, self-destructive trade policy wouldn’t be your neighbors; they’d benefit. The victims would be you and your family.

This economic reality isn’t changed if a government compels every household and firm within its jurisdiction to produce more goods for foreigners’ use while preventing these households and firms from accepting from foreigners anything more in exchange.

Economic self-destruction does not become economic self-help just because a government enforces self-sacrifice on a national scale.

Sincerely,
Donald J. Boudreaux
Professor of Economics
and
Martha and Nelson Getchell Chair for the Study of Free Market Capitalism at the Mercatus Center
George Mason University
Fairfax, VA 22030

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